Synthesis, Cytotoxicity, and Photophysical Investigations of 2-Amino-4,6-diphenylnicotinonitriles: An Experimental and Theoretical Study

Abstract

In this study, we present a comprehensive investigation of 2-amino-4,6-diphenylnicotinonitriles (APNs, 1–6), including their synthesis, cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell lines, and photophysical properties. Compound 3 demonstrates exceptional cytotoxicity, surpassing the potency of Doxorubicin. The fluorescence spectra of the synthesized 1–6 in different solvents reveal solvent-dependent shifts in the emission maximum values, highlighting the influence of the solvent environment on their fluorescence properties. A quantum chemical TD-DFT analysis provides insights into the electronic structure and fluorescence behavior of 1–6, elucidating HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, electronegativity values, and dipole moments, contributing to a deeper understanding of their electronic properties and potential reactivity. These findings provide valuable knowledge for the development of APNs (1–6) as fluorescent sensors and potential anticancer agents.