Waste Point Identification of Frying Oil Based on Gas Chromatography–Ion Mobility Spectrometry (GC-IMS)

Abstract

This study described the quality detection and rapid identification of frying oil waste points based on gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). A total of 48 volatile substances were identified, among which the levels of 11 components, including 2-pentylfuran, 2-butylfuran, and 2-hexanone, increased with prolonged frying time after 40 h in cottonseed oil. Conversely, the levels of hexanal, heptanal, and E,E-2,4-heptadienal decreased as frying time extended. Correlation analysis revealed a significant association between volatile substances of the oil and acid value (p < 0.05) and polar components with volatile substances (p < 0.05). Furthermore, significant differences in the types and contents of flavor substances were observed in cottonseed oil at different frying times (including before and after reaching the discard point) (p < 0.05). Subsequently, principal component analysis (PCA) results clearly showed that the cottonseed oil samples at different frying times were well distinguished by the volatile compounds; moreover, discriminant model analysis indicated a model accuracy rate of 100%. These results showed the potential of GC-IMS-based approaches in discriminating the waste points of frying oil.