Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity Evaluation of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam and In Silico Studies of Its Alkaloids

Author:

Azonsivo Rufine1,Albuquerque Kelly Cristina Oliveira de2ORCID,Castro Ana Laura Gadelha3,Correa-Barbosa Juliana3,Souza Helena Joseane Raiol de4,Almada-Vilhena Andryo Orfi de5ORCID,Ferreira Gleison Gonçalves1ORCID,Souza Anderson Albuquerque de6,Marinho Andrey Moacir do Rosario7ORCID,Percario Sandro2ORCID,Nagamachi Cleusa Yoshiko5,Pieczarka Julio Cesar5ORCID,Dolabela Maria Fâni123ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil

2. Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology of the BIONORTE Network, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil

3. Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil

4. Postgraduate Program in Risk and Natural Disaster Management in the Amazon, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil

5. Center for Advanced Studies of the Biodiversity and Cell Culture Laboratory, Guamá Science and Technology Park, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-750, PA, Brazil

6. Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil

7. Faculty of Chemistry, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil

Abstract

The alkaloids isolated from Zanthoxylum rhoifolium have demonstrated great pharmacological potential; however, the toxic profiles of these extracts and fractions are still not well elucidated. This study evaluated the toxicity of the ethanol extract (EEZR) and neutral (FNZR) and alkaloid (FAZR) fractions. Chemical characterization was performed by chromatographic methods: thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC–DAD). The cytotoxicity of the samples was evaluated in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells using the cell viability method (MTT) and mutagenicity by the Allium cepa assay (ACA). Alkaloids isolated from the species were selected for toxicity prediction using preADMET and PROTOX. The molecular docking of the topoisomerase II protein (TOPOII) was used to investigate the mechanism of cell damage. In the EEZR, FNZR, and FAZR, the presence of alkaloids was detected in TCL and HPLC–DAD analyses. These samples showed a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) greater than 400 μg/mL in HepG2 cells. In ACA, time- and concentration-dependent changes were observed, with a significant reduction in the mitotic index and an increase in chromosomal aberrations for all samples. Nuclear sprouts and a micronucleus of the positive control (PC) were observed at 10 µg/mL and in the FAZR at 30 µg/mL; a chromosomal bridge in FNZR was observed at 105 µg/mL, CP at a concentration of 40 µg/mL, and nuclear bud and mitotic abnormalities in the EEZR were observed at 170 µg/mL. The alkaloids with a benzophenanthridine were selected for the in silico study, as structural alterations demonstrated certain toxic effects. Molecular docking with topo II demonstrated that all alkaloids bind to the protein. In summary, the fractionation of Z. rhoifolium did not interfere with toxicity; it seems that alkaloids with a benzophenanthridine nucleus may be involved in this toxicity.

Funder

CNPq-Universal

PROPESP/UFPA

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Chemistry (miscellaneous),Analytical Chemistry,Organic Chemistry,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry,Molecular Medicine,Drug Discovery,Pharmaceutical Science

Reference57 articles.

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4. Ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants of the pantanal region (Mato Grosso, Brazil);Bieski;Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med.,2012

5. Chemistry of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium: A new secofuroquinoline alkaloid;Arruda;Biochem. Syst. Ecol.,1992

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