New Supramolecular Hypoxia-Sensitive Complexes Based on Azo-Thiacalixarene

Abstract

Hypoxia accompanies many human diseases and is an indicator of tumor aggressiveness. Therefore, measuring hypoxia in vivo is clinically important. Recently, complexes of calix[4]arene were identified as potent hypoxia markers. The subject of this paper is new hypoxia-sensitive host–guest complexes of thiacalix[4]arene. We report a new high-yield synthesis method for thiacalix[4]arene with four anionic carboxyl azo fragments on the upper rim (thiacalixarene L) and an assessment of the complexes of thiacalixarene L with the most widespread cationic rhodamine dyes (6G, B, and 123) sensitivity to hypoxia. Moreover, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy data support the ability of the macrocycles to form complexes with dyes. Rhodamines B and 123 formed host–guest complexes of 1:1 stoichiometry. Complexes of mixed composition were formed with rhodamine 6G. The association constant between thiacalixarene L and rhodamine 6G is higher than for other dyes. Thiacalixarene L-dye complexes with rhodamine 6G and rhodamine B are stable in the presence of various substances present in a biological environment. The UV-VIS spectrometry and fluorescence showed hypoxia responsiveness of the complexes. Our results demonstrate that thiacalixarene L has a stronger binding with dyes compared with the previously reported azo-calix[4]arene carboxylic derivative. Thus, these results suggest higher selective visualization of hypoxia for the complexes with thiacalixarene L.