A Red-Emission Fluorescent Probe with Large Stokes Shift for Detection of Viscosity in Living Cells and Tumor-Bearing Mice

Abstract

Abnormal viscosity is closely related to the occurrence of many diseases, such as cancer. Therefore, real-time detection of changes in viscosity in living cells is of great importance. Fluorescent molecular rotors play a critical role in detecting changes in cellular viscosity. Developing red emission viscosity probes with large Stokes shifts and high sensitivity and specificity remains an urgent and important topic. Herein, a novel viscosity-sensitive fluorescent probe (TCF-VIS1) with a large stokes shift and red emission was prepared based on the 2-dicyanomethylene-3-cyano-4,5,5-trimethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran (TCF) skeleton. Due to intramolecular rotation, the probe itself does not fluorescence at low viscosity. With the increase in viscosity, the rotation of TCF-VIS1 is limited, and its fluorescence is obviously enhanced. The probe has the advantages of simple preparation, large Stokes shift, good sensitivity and selectivity, and low cytotoxicity, which make it successfully used for viscosity detection in living cells. Moreover, TCF-VIS1 showed its potential for cancer diagnosis at the cell level and in tumor-bearing mice by detecting viscosity. Therefore, the probe is expected to enrich strategies for the detection of viscosity in biological systems and offer a potential tool for cancer diagnosis.