Experimental and Theoretical Screening of Core Gold Nanoparticles and Their Binding Mechanism to an Anticancer Drug, 2-Thiouracil

Abstract

This study demonstrated the capability of two readily available optical spectroscopy tools, namely UV-Vis absorption spectrophotometry and Raman/surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, to select in a rapid and noninvasive manner the most homogenous gold nanoparticle (AuNP) models and to identify their chemical binding mechanism to 2-thiouracil (2-TU). 2-TU is an anticancer drug of great promise in the antiproliferative and photothermal therapies of cancer. The citrate-capped AuNPs emerged as the most stable as well as time- and cost-effective AuNP model out of the three widely used colloidal nanocores (citrate-, borohydride-citrate-, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-capped AuNPs) that were examined. 2-TU chemically attached to the relatively monodispersed AuNPs via a chemisorption mechanism. The 2-TU-AuNPs complex formed through the covalent bonding of the S atom of 2-TU to the nanosurface in a vertical orientation. The spectroscopic results were then confirmed with the help of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and other physicochemical characterization tools for nanomaterials such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential. Overall, the purified 2-TU-AuNPs were found to be spherical, had an average diameter of 25 ± 2 nm, a narrow size distribution (1–30 nm), a sharp localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak at 525 nm, and a negative surface charge (−14 mV).