Craniofacial Cephalometric Morphology in Polish Adolescents with Cleft Palate Only

Abstract

Background: Cephalometric studies indicate that craniofacial morphology in patients with cleft palate only (CPO) differs from other forms of orofacial clefts and healthy patients. Planning orthodontic treatment for patients with different craniofacial deformities requires knowledge on the craniofacial complex. The aim of the present study was to describe the cephalometric craniofacial morphology in adolescents with cleft palate only compared to generally healthy orthodontic patients. Methods: The study comprised 100 lateral cephalograms (taken in the years 2003–2020) of Polish patients with cleft palate only aged from 11.1 to 14.2 (mean age 12.43 y) and a matched control group of 100 children without orofacial clefts aged 12–14 (mean age 12.25). All digital images were analyzed in specialized cephalometric software. Results: Statistically significantly lower values of both SNA (p < 0.001) and ANB (p < 0.001) were found in the study group versus the control group. Mandibular line to cranial base angle (ML-NSL) as well as maxillary base to cranial base (NL-NSL) were significantly higher in the CPO group. Both the maxilla and mandible were rotated distally in CPO. Moreover, the intermaxillary vertical angle (ML-NL) was reduced in CPO. Mandibular angle in CPO was significantly higher (p = 0.005), reflecting posterior mandibular rotation. Conclusions: In adolescents with CPO, maxillary deficiency is found, without a severe sagittal jaw discrepancy, with a slight compensatory lingual inclination of the lower incisors. Mandibular deficiency in CPO is concurrent with posterior rotation and an increased mandibular angle.