Enhanced Peroxydisulfate (PDS) Activation for Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) Degradation by Modified Sludge Biochar: Focusing on the Role of Functional Groups

Author:

He Yuting1,Lin Jiantao12,Yang Yuchuan12,Liu Minghua123ORCID,Liu Yifan12

Affiliation:

1. Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Rural Waste Recycling Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China

2. College of Environment & Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China

3. College of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Putian University, Putian 351100, China

Abstract

Modified sludge biochar, recognized for its notable economic and environmental benefits, demonstrates potential as an effective catalyst for peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation. Nevertheless, the specific mechanisms underlying its catalytic performance require more comprehensive investigation. In this study, a modified biochar (TSBC) doped with oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N) atoms was synthesized from sewage sludge and tannin extract, which significantly enhanced the activation of PDS for the degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The TSBC/PDS system demonstrated robust performance for SMX degradation, achieving over 90% efficiency over a wide pH range (3–10). Subsequent quenching experiments demonstrated that TSBC predominantly catalyzed PDS to generate O21, which effectively degraded SMX via a non-radical pathway. The O- and N-containing functional groups in TSBC were identified as the primary catalytic sites. Besides, density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the incorporation of graphitic N significantly improved the adsorption capacity of PDS on the TSBC surface. Furthermore, based on the identification of intermediates and theoretical calculations, SMX was degraded mainly by two different pathways: S-N cleavage and O21 oxidation. This study offers a foundational framework for the targeted modification of sludge biochar, thereby expanding its applications.

Funder

Key Science and Technology Projects in Fujian Province

Science and Technology Project of Innovation Platform in Fuzhou City

Publisher

MDPI AG

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