Poly(dl-lactide) Polymer Blended with Mineral Phases for Extrusion 3D Printing—Studies on Degradation and Biocompatibility

Author:

Vater Corina1ORCID,Bräuer Christian2ORCID,Grom Stefanie3,Fecht Tatjana3,Ahlfeld Tilman1ORCID,von Witzleben Max1,Placht Anna-Maria1,Schütz Kathleen1,Schehl Jan Marc3,Wolfram Tobias3,Reinauer Frank3,Scharffenberg Martin4,Wittenstein Jakob4ORCID,Hoess Andreas5ORCID,Heinemann Sascha5,Gelinsky Michael1ORCID,Lauer Günter2,Lode Anja1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Centre for Translational Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine at Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany

2. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany

3. KLS Martin SE & Co. KG, 78570 Mühlheim, Germany

4. Pulmonary Engineering Group, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany

5. INNOTERE GmbH, 01445 Radebeul, Germany

Abstract

A promising therapeutic option for the treatment of critical-size mandibular defects is the implantation of biodegradable, porous structures that are produced patient-specifically by using additive manufacturing techniques. In this work, degradable poly(DL-lactide) polymer (PDLLA) was blended with different mineral phases with the aim of buffering its acidic degradation products, which can cause inflammation and stimulate bone regeneration. Microparticles of CaCO3, SrCO3, tricalcium phosphates (α-TCP, β-TCP), or strontium-modified hydroxyapatite (SrHAp) were mixed with the polymer powder following processing the blends into scaffolds with the Arburg Plastic Freeforming 3D-printing method. An in vitro degradation study over 24 weeks revealed a buffer effect for all mineral phases, with the buffering capacity of CaCO3 and SrCO3 being the highest. Analysis of conductivity, swelling, microstructure, viscosity, and glass transition temperature evidenced that the mineral phases influence the degradation behavior of the scaffolds. Cytocompatibility of all polymer blends was proven in cell experiments with SaOS-2 cells. Patient-specific implants consisting of PDLLA + CaCO3, which were tested in a pilot in vivo study in a segmental mandibular defect in minipigs, exhibited strong swelling. Based on these results, an in vitro swelling prediction model was developed that simulates the conditions of anisotropic swelling after implantation.

Funder

German Federal Ministry of Education and Research

Publisher

MDPI AG

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