Assessing Hemorrhagic Shock Severity Using the Second Heart Sound Determined from Phonocardiogram: A Novel Approach

Abstract

Introduction: Hemorrhagic shock (HS) is a severe medical emergency. Early diagnosis of HS is important for clinical treatment. In this paper, we report a flexible material-based heart sound monitoring device which can evaluate the degree of HS through a phonocardiogram (PCG) change. Methods: Progressive hemorrhage treatments (H1, H2, and H3 stage) were used in swine to build animal models. The PCG sensor was mounted on the chest of the swine. Routine monitoring was used at the same time. Results: This study showed that arterial blood pressure decreased significantly from the H1 phase, while second heart sound amplitude (S2A) and energy (S2E) decreased significantly from the H2 phase. Both S2A and S2E correlated well with BP (p < 0.001). The heart rate, pulse pressure variation and serum hemoglobin level significantly changed in the H3 stage (p < 0.05). Discussion: The change of second heart sound (S2) was at the H2 stage and was earlier than routine monitoring methods. Therefore, PCG change may be a new indicator for the early detection of HS severity.