Affiliation:
1. Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Institute of Recycling Technologies, Technical University of Košice, Letná 1/9, 04200 Košice-Sever, Slovakia
2. IME Process Metallurgy and Metal Recycling, RWTH—Aachen University, Intzestr. 3, 52056 Aachen, Germany
Abstract
The objective of this study is to describe primary lithium production and to summarize the methods for combined mechanical and hydrometallurgical recycling of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This study also aims to draw attention to the problem of lithium losses, which occur in individual recycling steps. The first step of hydrometallurgical treatment is leaching, which is an effective method capable of transferring over 99% of the present metals to the leach solutions. Extraction of metals after leaching can be conducted using various methods, with precipitation being the most commonly used. The precipitation of other metals can result in the co-precipitation of lithium, causing total lithium losses up to 30%. To prevent such losses, solvent extraction methods are used to selectively remove elements, such as Co, Ni, Al, and Mn. Solvent extraction (SX) is highly effective, reducing the losses to 3% per extraction stage and reducing overall lithium losses to 15%. After the refining, lithium is precipitated as lithium carbonate. High lithium carbonate solubility (1.5 g/L) and high liquid to solid leaching ratios require costly and avoidable operations to be implemented in order to enhance lithium concentration. Therefore, it is suggested that more studies should focus on multistage leaching with lower L/S ratios.
Funder
Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic - VEGA
Subject
General Materials Science,Metals and Alloys
Reference121 articles.
1. Lithium Market Research—Global Supply, Future Demand and Price Development;Martin;Energy Storage Mater.,2017
2. Tsiropoulos, I., Tarvydas, D., and Lebedeva, N. (2023, March 01). Li-Ion Batteries for Mobility and Stationary Storage Applications. Available online: https://publicationstest.jrc.cec.eu.int/repository/handle/JRC113360.
3. The Carbon Footprint of Island Grids with Lithium-Ion Battery Systems: An Analysis Based on Levelized Emissions of Energy Supply;Parlikar;Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.,2021
4. (2021, October 21). U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries: Lithium, Available online: Https://Pubs.Usgs.Gov/Periodicals/Mcs2020/Mcs2020-Lithium.Pdf.
5. (2023, March 01). Lithium Global Reserves Top Countries 2022. Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/268790/countries-with-the-largest-lithium-reserves-worldwide/.
Cited by
4 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献