Abstract
Background: Triple fixed-dose combination (FDC) therapy is recommended in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients experiencing frequent exacerbations and/or symptoms not controlled by dual FDCs. Since no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have directly compared the different inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist/long-acting muscarinic antagonist (ICS/LABA/LAMA) FDCs, we performed a meta-analysis to compare the impact of the current available ICS/LABA/LAMA FDCs in COPD. Methods: A meta-analysis was performed by connecting beclomethasone dipropionate/formoterol fumarate/glycopyrronium bromide or glycopyrrolate (BDP/FOR/GLY), budesonide (BUD)/GLY/FOR, and fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol (FF/UMEC/VI) FDCs via ICS/LABA or LABA/LAMA FDCs arms. The safety and efficacy profiles were investigated, and the Implemented Bidimensional Surface under the cumulative ranking curve analysis (IBiS) was carried out. Protocol registration: CRD42022301189. Results: Data from 21,809 COPD patients were extracted from the ETHOS, IMPACT, KRONOS, and TRILOGY studies. No significant (p > 0.05) differences were detected across the triple FDCs with respect to the risk of exacerbation, trough forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), transition dyspnea index (TDI), St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), risk of serious adverse events (SAEs), cardiovascular (CV) SAEs, pneumonia, and all-cause mortality. According to IBiS score, BDP/FOR/GLY 200/12/25 µg twice daily (BID) was the FDC reporting the best combined efficacy/safety profile (area 41.41%), although FF/UMEC/VI 100/62.5/25 µg once daily (QD) showed the greatest efficacy profile (50.54%). The protection against mortality related to the dose of ICS. Conclusions: All triple FDCs are effective and safe in COPD regardless of the regimen of administration (twice daily vs. once daily), with no relevant difference in the risk of CV SAEs and pneumonia.