Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Antioxidants in Apple Pomace (var. Belorusskoje malinovoje) Using Response Surface Methodology: Scope and Opportunity to Develop as a Potential Feed Supplement or Feed Ingredient

Author:

Malenica Dunja12ORCID,Maciel Larissa Silva3ORCID,Herodes Koit3ORCID,Kass Marko24ORCID,Bhat Rajeev1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Food (By-) Products Valorisation Technologies (ERA-Chair in VALORTECH), Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 1, 510014 Tartu, Estonia

2. Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia

3. Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia

4. Centre of Estonian Rural Research and Knowledge (METK), J. Aamisepa 1, 48309 Jõgeva, Estonia

Abstract

Apple pomace represents an underexploited source of bioactive compounds. This study examines the optimization of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant extraction yield of apple pomace (variety: Belorusskoje malinovoje) using response surface methodology. The green extraction technique used was ultrasound-assisted extraction, and it was compared with conventional solvent extraction. The impact of extraction time and amplitude of ultrasound-assisted extraction on the yield of polyphenols and antioxidants has been evaluated. Total phenolic content was determined using an established TPC assay. The antioxidant activity of the apple pomace was determined using established assays 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+). Furthermore, the potential of apple pomace as a feed material was explored by assessing its nutritional composition, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, and amino acid content. The extraction of antioxidants and phenolic compounds was efficiently optimized using RSM. The optimal conditions for TPC and DPPH• analyses were achieved with an extraction time of 17.5 min and an ultrasound-assisted extraction amplitude of 20%. Optimal conditions for ABTS•+ were 5 min extraction time and 20% amplitude. Conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods yielded comparable results. Moreover, apple pomace exhibits potential as a feed ingredient despite its modest protein content. This study contributes to the utilization of apple pomace by providing additional information on its antioxidant content and nutritional composition, thus contributing to its sustainable utilization in various industries, especially the livestock feed sector.

Funder

European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program

Mobilitas Pluss ERA-Chair

Estonian University of Life Sciences

European Regional Development Fund

Publisher

MDPI AG

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