Unexpected Transient Glioblastoma Regression in a Patient Previously Treated with Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Therapy: A Case Report and Immunomodulatory Effects Hypothesis

Abstract

(1) Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), a live attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis, has been used as an immunotherapeutic agent in bladder cancer and has shown non-specific beneficial effects. This report presents a unique case of GBM regression following BCG therapy for bladder cancer, suggesting the potential systemic immunomodulatory effects of BCG on GBM. (2) Case Presentation: A 67-year-old male with a history of bladder cancer treated with BCG presented with neurological symptoms. Imaging revealed two GBM lesions, and surgery was performed to remove one. Subsequently, the patient experienced complete tumor regression after initial stability. (3) Conclusions: This case highlights the potential of BCG or other immunotherapies in GBM treatment and underscores the need for further research. Understanding the immunomodulatory effects of BCG on GBM could lead to innovative therapies for this devastating disease; although, overcoming the immune evasion mechanisms in the brain is a significant challenge. Further investigation is warranted to explore this promising avenue of research.