Heterogeneity of Response to Iron-Based Metallodrugs in Glioblastoma Is Associated with Differences in Chemical Structures and Driven by FAS Expression Dynamics and Transcriptomic Subtypes

Abstract

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and deadliest primary brain cancer in adults, justifying the search for new treatments. Some members of the iron-based ferrocifen family have demonstrated a high cytotoxic effect on various cancer cell lines via innovative mechanisms of action. Here, we evaluated the antiproliferative activity by wst-1 assay of six ferrocifens in 15 molecularly diverse GBM patient-derived cell lines (PDCLs). In five out of six compounds, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values varied significantly (10 nM < IC50 < 29.8 µM) while the remaining one (the tamoxifen-like complex) was highly cytotoxic against all PDCLs (mean IC50 = 1.28 µM). The pattern of response was comparable for the four ferrocifens bearing at least one phenol group and differed widely from those of the tamoxifen-like complex and the complex with no phenol group. An RNA sequencing differential analysis showed that response to the diphenol ferrocifen relied on the activation of the Death Receptor signaling pathway and the modulation of FAS expression. Response to this complex was greater in PDCLs from the Mesenchymal or Proneural transcriptomic subtypes compared to the ones from the Classical subtype. These results provide new information on the mechanisms of action of ferrocifens and highlight a broader diversity of behavior than previously suspected among members of this family. They also support the case for a molecular-based personalized approach to future use of ferrocifens in the treatment of GBM.