Probiotics in miRNA-Mediated Regulation of Intestinal Immune Homeostasis in Pigs: A Physiological Narrative

Abstract

The microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining the host’s intestinal homeostasis, influencing numerous physiological functions. Various factors, including diet, stress, and antibiotic use, can lead to such imbalances. Probiotics have been shown to restore the microbiota, contributing to maintaining this balance. For instance, the weaning stage in piglets is crucial; this transition can cause unfavorable changes that may contribute to the onset of diarrhea. Probiotic supplementation has increased due to its benefits. However, its mechanism of action is still controversial; one involves the regulation of intestinal immunity. When recognized by immune system cells through membrane receptors, probiotics activate intracellular signaling pathways that lead to changes in gene expression, resulting in an anti-inflammatory response. This complex regulatory system involves transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, including the modulation of various molecules, emphasizing microRNAs. They have emerged as important regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses. Analyzing these mechanisms can enhance our understanding of probiotic–host microbiota interactions, providing insights into their molecular functions. This knowledge can be applied not only in the swine industry, but also in studying microbiota-related disorders. Moreover, these studies serve as animal models, helping to understand better conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and other related disorders.