Microbial Assessment in A Rare Norwegian Book Collection: A One Health Approach to Cultural Heritage

Author:

Sequeira Sílvia12ORCID,Pasnak Ekaterina1ORCID,Viegas Carla34ORCID,Gomes Bianca35ORCID,Dias Marta34ORCID,Cervantes Renata34,Pena Pedro34,Twarużek Magdalena6ORCID,Kosicki Robert6ORCID,Viegas Susana4ORCID,Caetano Liliana37ORCID,Penetra Maria8,Silva Inês89,Caldeira Ana89ORCID,Pinheiro Catarina289ORCID

Affiliation:

1. LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Conservation and Restoration, NOVA School of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal

2. Laboratório José de Figueiredo, Museus e Monumentos de Portugal, Rua das Janelas Verdes, 1249-018 Lisbon, Portugal

3. H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal

4. Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, REAL, CCAL, NOVA National School of Public Health, NOVA University Lisbon, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal

5. CE3C—Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Change, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal

6. Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland

7. Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.uLisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal

8. HERCULES Laboratory, Évora University, Palácio do Vimioso, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal

9. IN2PAST—Associate Laboratory for Research and Innovation in Heritage, Arts, Sustainability and Territory, University of Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal

Abstract

Microbial contamination poses a threat to both the preservation of library and archival collections and the health of staff and users. This study investigated the microbial communities and potential health risks associated with the UNESCO-classified Norwegian Sea Trade Archive (NST Archive) collection exhibiting visible microbial colonization and staff health concerns. Dust samples from book surfaces and the storage environment were analysed using culturing methods, qPCR, Next Generation Sequencing, and mycotoxin, cytotoxicity, and azole resistance assays. Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., and Cladosporium sp. were the most common fungi identified, with some potentially toxic species like Stachybotrys sp., Toxicladosporium sp., and Aspergillus section Fumigati. Fungal resistance to azoles was not detected. Only one mycotoxin, sterigmatocystin, was found in a heavily contaminated book. Dust extracts from books exhibited moderate to high cytotoxicity on human lung cells, suggesting a potential respiratory risk. The collection had higher contamination levels compared to the storage environment, likely due to improved storage conditions. Even though overall low contamination levels were obtained, these might be underestimated due to the presence of salt (from cod preservation) that could have interfered with the analyses. This study underlines the importance of monitoring microbial communities and implementing proper storage measures to safeguard cultural heritage and staff well-being.

Publisher

MDPI AG

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