A Comprehensive Review on Shiga Toxin Subtypes and Their Niche-Related Distribution Characteristics in Shiga-Toxin-Producing E. coli and Other Bacterial Hosts

Author:

Wang Xuan1ORCID,Yu Daniel2,Chui Linda34ORCID,Zhou Tiantian1,Feng Yu1,Cao Yuhao5,Zhi Shuai1

Affiliation:

1. School of Public Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China

2. School of Public Health, Univeristy of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada

3. Alberta Precision Laboratories-ProvLab, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J2, Canada

4. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada

5. School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China

Abstract

Shiga toxin (Stx), the main virulence factor of Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), was first discovered in Shigella dysenteriae strains. While several other bacterial species have since been reported to produce Stx, STEC poses the most significant risk to human health due to its widespread prevalence across various animal hosts that have close contact with human populations. Based on its biochemical and molecular characteristics, Shiga toxin can be grouped into two types, Stx1 and Stx2, among which a variety of variants and subtypes have been identified in various bacteria and host species. Interestingly, the different Stx subtypes appear to vary in their host distribution characteristics and in the severity of diseases that they are associated with. As such, this review provides a comprehensive overview on the bacterial species that have been recorded to possess stx genes to date, with a specific focus on the various Stx subtype variants discovered in STEC, their prevalence in certain host species, and their disease-related characteristics. This review provides a better understanding of the Stx subtypes and highlights the need for rapid and accurate approaches to toxin subtyping for the proper evaluation of the health risks associated with Shiga-toxin-related bacterial food contamination and human infections.

Funder

National Natural Science Foundation of China

Non-profit Technology Research Program of Ningbo

Publisher

MDPI AG

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