Fe(II) Addition Drives Soil Bacterial Co-Ocurrence Patterns and Functions Mediated by Anaerobic and Chemoautotrophic Taxa

Abstract

Iron is among the most abundant elements in the soil of paddy fields, and its valence state and partitioning can be transformed by flooding and drainage alternations. However, little is known about the function of soil microbes that interact with Fe(II). In this study, sandy and loamy soils originating from rice fields were treated with Fe(II) at low and high concentrations. The findings demonstrate that additional Fe(II) has various effects on the soil’s microbial community structure and metabolic pathways. We conclude that Fe(II) at high concentrations reduced bacterial abundance and diversity in two textured paddy soils, yet the abundance in loamy soils was higher than it was in sandy soil. Additionally, in environments with high Fe(II) levels, the relative abundance of both anaerobic and chemoautotrophic bacteria increased. The Fe(II) concentration was positively correlated with total reduced substances but negatively correlated with redox potential and pH. Co-occurrence networks revealed that Fe(II) significantly promoted interactions with the most anaerobic and chemoautotrophic bacteria. In addition, adding Fe(II) greatly increased the number of more complex bacterial networks, and an increase in the number of mutually beneficial taxa occurred. We found that Fe(II) promoted the methane pathway, the Calvin cycle, and nitrate reduction to small but significant extents. These pathways involve the growth and interrelation of autotrophic and anaerobic bacteria. These results suggest that changes in the bacterial community structure occur in many dry–wet alternating environments.