Diversity and Network Relationship Construction of Soil Fungal Communities in Lactarius hatsudake Tanaka Orchard during Harvest

Abstract

Lactarius hatsudake Tanaka is a mycorrhizal edible mushroom with rich economic and nutritional value. Although it is artificially planted, its yield is unstable. Soil fungi, including L. hatsudake, coexist with many other microorganisms and plants. Therefore, complex microbial communities have an influence on the fruiting body formation of L. hatsudake. L. hatsudake and its interactions with the rest of the fungal community over time are not completely understood. In this study, we performed high-throughput sequencing of microorganisms in the basal soil of the fruiting body (JT), mycorrhizosphere soil (JG), and non-mushroom-producing soil (CK) in a 6-year-old L. hatsudake plantation at harvest. The results showed that the soil of the L. hatsudake plantation was rich in fungal communities and a total of 10 phyla, 19 classes, 53 orders, 90 families, 139 genera, and 149 species of fungi were detected. At the phylum level, the major groups were Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. At the genus level, the dominant groups were Lactarius, Trichoderma, Suillus, and Penicillium. Among them, L. hatsudake had an absolute dominant position in the soil fungal community of the plantation, and was the only group of Lactarius in the plantation soil. Penicillium cryptum and Penicillium adametzii were unique to the JT soil sample. Chaetopsphaeria, Myxocephala, Devriesia, and Psathyrella were positively correlated with L. hatsudake. In the constructed fungal network, the total number of nodes were ranked in descending order as JG (441) > CK (405) > JT (399), while the total number of edges were ranked in descending order as CK (1360) > JG (647) > JT (586). Analysis of the fungal assembly process revealed that groups CK and JG have determinative processes that dominated community building, while the JT group exhibited a dominant random process with a 0.60 probability. The results indicated that L. hatsudake was successfully colonized in the plantation soil. During harvest, the CK group exhibited the largest network size and the most complex fungal interactions, while the fungal community structure in the mushroom cultivation zone (JT and JG) was stable and less susceptible to external environmental interference. L. hatsudake affects the fungal community in the soil surrounding its fruiting body.