Macrophage Activation in Follicular Conjunctivitis during the COVID-19 Pandemic-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

Macrophage Activation in Follicular Conjunctivitis during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Published:2023-08-31 Issue:9 Volume:11 Page:2198
ISSN:2076-2607
Container-title:Microorganisms
language:en
Short-container-title:Microorganisms

Author:

Gallenga Carla Enrica¹²^ORCID,Maritati Martina³⁴,Mura Marco²⁵,Di Virgilio Francesco¹⁶^ORCID,Conti Pio⁷⁸^ORCID,Contini Carlo⁹^ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Medical Sciences Doctoral Course Molecular Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy

2. Ophthalmology Unit, University—Hospital Cona, 44124 Ferrara, Italy

3. Bone and Infections Lab, Santa Maria Maddalena NH, Occhiobello, 45030 Rovigo, Italy

4. Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy

5. Department of Translational Medicine and for the Romagna, Ophthalmology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy

6. Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy

7. School of Medicine, Immunology, G. D’Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy

8. Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA

9. Department of Medical Sciences, Section Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy

Abstract

Among the symptoms of SARS-CoV-2, follicular conjunctivitis has become relevant. The conjunctiva acts as an open lymph node, reacting to the viral antigen that binds the epithelial cells, forming follicles of B cells with activated T cells and NK cells on its surface, which, in turn, talk to monocyte-derived inflammatory infected macrophages. Here, the NLRP3 inflammasome is a major driver in releasing pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and caspase-1, leading to follicular conjunctivitis and bulbar congestion, even as isolated signs in the ‘asymptomatic’ patient.

Funder

University of Ferrara

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Virology,Microbiology (medical),Microbiology

Link

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/9/2198/pdf

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