Online Monitoring of the Growth of Probiotic Bacteria and Metabolites in the Fermentation of a Teff Substrate Using Model-Based Calibration of 2D Fluorescence Spectra

Abstract

The demand for probiotic bacteria-fermented food products is increasing; however, the monitoring of the fermentation process is still challenging when using conventional approaches. A classical approach requires a large amount of offline data to calibrate a chemometric model using fluorescence spectra. Fluorescence spectra provide a wide range of online information during the process of cultivation, but they require a large amount of offline data (which involves laborious work) for the calibration procedure when using a classical approach. In this study, an alternative model-based calibration approach was used to predict biomass (the growth of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum A6 (LPA6) and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LCGG)), glucose, and lactic acid during the fermentation process of a teff-based substrate inoculated with mixed strains of LPA6 and LCGG. A classical approach was also applied and compared to the model-based calibration approach. In the model-based calibration approach, two-dimensional (2D) fluorescence spectra and offline substituted simulated data were used to generate a chemometric model. The optimum microbial specific growth rate and chemometric model parameters were obtained simultaneously using a particle swarm optimization algorithm. The prediction errors for biomass, glucose, and lactic acid concentrations were measured between 6.1 and 10.5%; the minimum error value was related to the prediction of biomass and the maximum one was related to the prediction of glucose using the model-based calibration approach. The model-based calibration approach and the classical approach showed similar results. In conclusion, the findings showed that a model-based calibration approach could be used to monitor the process state variables (i.e., biomass, glucose, and lactic acid) online in the fermentation process of a teff-based substrate inoculated with mixed strains of LPA6 and LCGG. However, glucose prediction showed a high error value.