Reduction of Subsidence and Large-Scale Rebound in the Beijing Plain after Anthropogenic Water Transfer and Ecological Recharge of Groundwater: Evidence from Long Time-Series Satellites InSAR

Author:

Zhou Chaodong1234ORCID,Tang Qiuhong12ORCID,Zhao Yanhui12,Warner Timothy A.5ORCID,Liu Hongjiang46,Clague John J.7ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

3. State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

4. Key Laboratory of Detection and Application of Space Effect in Southwest Sichuan at Leshan Normal University, Education Department of Sichuan Province, Leshan 614000, China

5. Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA

6. Sichuan Tourism Development Research Center, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China

7. Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada

Abstract

Beijing, China’s capital city, has experienced decades of severe land subsidence due to the long-term overexploitation of groundwater. The implementation of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) and artificial ecological restoration have significantly changed Beijing’s hydro-ecological and geological environment in recent years, leading to a widespread rise in groundwater levels. However, whether the related land subsidence has slowed down or reversed under these measures has not yet been effectively monitored and quantitatively analyzed in terms of time and space. Accordingly, in this study, we proposed using an improved time-series deformation method, which combines persistent scatterers and distributed scatterers, to process Sentinel-1 images from 2015 to 2022 in the Beijing Plain region. We performed a geospatial analysis to gain a better understanding of how the new hydrological conditions changed the pattern of deformation on the Beijing Plain. The results indicated that our combined PS and DS method provided more measurements both in total quantity and spatial density than conventional PSI methods. The land subsidence in the Beijing Plain area has been effectively alleviated from a subsidence region of approximately 1377 km2 in 2015 to only approximately 78 km2 in 2022. Ecological restoration areas in the northeastern part of the Plain have even rebounded over this period, at a maximum of approximately 40 mm in 2022. The overall pattern of ground deformation (subsidence and uplift) is negatively correlated with changes in the groundwater table (decline and rise). Local deformation is controlled by the thickness of the compressible layer and an active fault. The year 2015, when anthropogenic water transfers were eliminated and ecological measures to recharge groundwater were implemented, was the crucial turning point of the change in the deformation trend in the subsidence history of Beijing. Our findings carry significance, not only for China, but also for other areas where large-scale groundwater extractions are causing severe ground subsidence or rebound.

Funder

China Postdoctoral Science Foundation

State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System

Key Laboratory of Detection and Application of Space Effect in South-west Sichuan at Leshan Normal University, Education Department of Sichuan Province

Publisher

MDPI AG

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