Energy and Environmental National Assessment of Alternative Fuel Buses in Morocco

Author:

El Hafdaoui Hamza12,Jelti Faissal3,Khallaayoun Ahmed1ORCID,Ouazzani Kamar2

Affiliation:

1. School of Science and Engineering, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane 53000, Morocco

2. National School of Applied Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco

3. Higher School of Technology, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco

Abstract

The heavy reliance on petroleum-based fuels in the road transport industry, especially public transportation, results in substantial emissions of greenhouse gases. A significant obstacle on the path to a more sustainable public transportation sector is the employment of alternative fuels with lower environmental implications. Although there are several in-depth well-to-wheel studies for developed countries, extrapolating those results to gasoline markets in developing countries presents challenges because of significant differences in local fuel conditions and vehicle engine technologies. Notably, this study provides a national-level environmental life cycle assessment of alternative buses in Morocco and compares current diesel buses to potential hybrid diesel-electric buses, battery-electric buses, and fuel-cell buses from a well-to-wheel perspective. The model and approach used in this study applies to other countries with developing economies. Total energy consumption broken out by fuel type, greenhouse gas emissions, and criterion air pollutants is the primary outcome of this investigation. Findings highlight an energy cut of 44.7% from battery-electric buses, 36.3% from fuel-cell buses, and 31.7% from hybrid buses with regard to the current diesel buses. Additionally, alternative fuel buses proved to be less polluting in terms of greenhouse gas emissions with 50.8% less from battery-electric buses, 46.7% less from fuel-cell buses, and 26.8% less from hybrid buses; consequently, this would lead to reduced climate change, air pollution, acidification, and eutrophication, given the Egalitarian Environmental Impact Assessment. Ultimately, Morocco will have to tackle technological, financial, and institutional barriers to fully implement the change by 2030.

Funder

German Academic Exchange Service

Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), Germany

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Automotive Engineering

Reference32 articles.

1. International Energy Agency (IEA) (2022). World Energy Outlook 2022, IEA.

2. Kopp, R., Block, I., and Limi, A. (2013). Turning the Right Corner—Ensuring Development through a Low-Carbon Transport Sector, The World Bank.

3. International Energy Agency (IEA) (2021). Net Zero by 2050—A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector, IEA.

4. World Health Organization (WHO) (2018). Air Quality and Health.

5. Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review;Manisalidis;Front. Public Health,2020

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