A Novel Ambroxol-Derived Tetrahydroquinazoline with a Potency against SARS-CoV-2 Proteins

Abstract

We report synthesis of a novel 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazoline derivative, named 2-(6,8-dibromo-3-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-2-yl)phenol (1), which was obtained from the hydrochloride of 4-((2-amino-3,5-dibromobenzyl)amino)cyclohexan-1-ol (ambroxol hydrochloride) and salicylaldehyde in EtOH. The resulting compound was produced in the form of colorless crystals of the composition 1∙0.5EtOH. The formation of the single product was confirmed by the IR and 1H spectroscopy, single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, and elemental analysis. The molecule of 1 contains a chiral tertiary carbon of the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine fragment and the crystal structure of 1∙0.5EtOH is a racemate. Optical properties of 1∙0.5EtOH were revealed by UV-vis spectroscopy in MeOH and it was established that the compound absorbs exclusively in the UV region up to about 350 nm. 1∙0.5EtOH in MeOH exhibits dual emission and the emission spectra contains bands at about 340 and 446 nm upon excitation at 300 and 360 nm, respectively. The DFT calculations were performed to verify the structure as well as electronic and optical properties of 1. ADMET properties of the R-isomer of 1 were evaluated using the SwissADME, BOILED-Egg, and ProTox-II tools. As evidenced from the blue dot position in the BOILED-Egg plot, both human blood–brain barrier penetration and gastrointestinal absorption properties are positive with the positive PGP effect on the molecule. Molecular docking was applied to examine the influence of the structures of both R-isomer and S-isomer of 1 on a series of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins. According to the docking analysis results, both isomers of 1 were found to be active against all the applied SARS-CoV-2 proteins with the best binding affinities with Papain-like protease (PLpro) and nonstructural protein 3 (Nsp3_range 207–379-AMP). Ligand efficiency scores for both isomers of 1 inside the binding sites of the applied proteins were also revealed and compared with the initial ligands. Molecular dynamics simulations were also applied to evaluate the stability of complexes of both isomers with Papain-like protease (PLpro) and nonstructural protein 3 (Nsp3_range 207–379-AMP). The complex of the S-isomer with Papain-like protease (PLpro) was found to be highly unstable, while the other complexes are stable.