The Relationship between Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity of Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Using Different Delivery Methods

Abstract

Vaccine immunogenicity and reactogenicity depend on recipient and vaccine characteristics. We hypothesized that healthy adults reporting higher reactogenicity from seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) developed higher antibody titers compared with those reporting lower reactogenicity. We performed a secondary analysis of a randomized phase 1 trial of a trivalent IIV delivered by microneedle patch (MNP) or intramuscular (IM) injection. We created composite reactogenicity scores as exposure variables and used hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers as outcome variables. We used mixed-model analysis of variance to estimate geometric mean titers (GMTs) and titer fold change and modified Poisson generalized estimating equations to estimate risk ratios of seroprotection and seroconversion. Estimates of H3N2 GMTs were associated with the Systemic and Local scores among the IM group. Within the IM group, those with high reaction scores had lower baseline H3N2 GMTs and twice the titer fold change by day 28. Those with high Local scores had a greater probability of seroconversion. These results suggest that heightened reactogenicity to IM IIV is related to low baseline humoral immunity to an included antigen. Participants with greater reactogenicity developed greater titer fold change after 4 weeks, although the response magnitude was similar or lower compared with low-reactogenicity participants.