Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Heart Rate Variability: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Establishing and disseminating evidence-based safety information could potentially facilitate beneficial choices in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccinations. This systematic review investigated the potential impact of COVID-19 vaccinations on human heart rate variability (HRV) parameters through comprehensive searches of four electronic medical databases. Five observational studies reporting HRV parameters of individuals vaccinated against COVID-19 and published up to 29 July 2022 were included in this review. Among them, four studies reported the square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals (RMSSD) as their outcome, and the remaining study reported an HRV-based stress indicator. These studies reported short-term changes and rapid recovery in HRV parameters within up to 3 days after COVID-19 vaccination. Some studies showed that the impact of COVID-19 vaccinations on RMSSD was greater in women than men, and in the younger group than in the older group. The methodological quality of the included studies was not optimal; the review revealed short-term changes in HRV parameters, particularly RMSSD, following COVID-19 vaccination. However, as the included studies did not report important parameters besides RMSSD, the limitation exists that the postvaccination long-term HRV stability was not reported.