Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of Baculovirus-Expressed SARS-CoV-2 Envelope Protein in Mice as a Universal Vaccine Candidate

Author:

Oğuzoğlu Tuba Çiğdem1ORCID,Hanifehnezhad Alireza1,Khabbazi Saber Delpasand2ORCID,Karayel-Hacıoğlu İlke1ORCID,Kaynarcalıdan Onur3ORCID,Fırat Zehra4ORCID,Filazi Nazlıcan56ORCID,Erdem-Şahinkesen Eda57ORCID,Gül Buket5ORCID,Karabulut Muhammed Cesim15ORCID,Koba Enes5,Adıgüzel Ece8,Şenlik Elif İrem5ORCID,Korkulu Emrah59ORCID,Demirden Cansu510,Şahinkesen İlker11ORCID,Ceylan Ahmet12,Muratoğlu Hacer13ORCID,Vural Sevil14,Demirbağ Zihni15,Özkul Aykut1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06070, Türkiye

2. Department of Agriculture and Food, Institute of Hemp Research, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat 66900, Türkiye

3. Institute for Virology, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany

4. Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Türkiye

5. Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Türkiye

6. Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay 31040, Türkiye

7. Department of Vaccine Technology, Vaccine Institute, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Türkiye

8. Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Atkaracalar District Directorate, Çankırı 18310, Türkiye

9. Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars 36000, Türkiye

10. Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, East Anatolian Agricultural Research Institute, Erzurum 25090, Türkiye

11. Diagen Biotechnological Systems Health Services and Automation Industry, Ankara 06070, Türkiye

12. Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06070, Türkiye

13. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Türkiye

14. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06070, Türkiye

15. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Türkiye

Abstract

The envelope (env) protein of SARS-CoV-2, a pivotal component of the viral architecture, plays a multifaceted role in viral assembly, replication, pathogenesis, and ion channel activity. These features make it a significant target for understanding virus–host interactions and developing vaccines to combat COVID-19. Recent structural studies provide valuable insights into the conformational dynamics and membrane topology of the SARS-CoV-2 env protein, shedding light on its functional mechanisms. The strong homology and highly conserved structure of the SARS-CoV-2 env protein shape its immunogenicity and functional characteristics. This study examines the ability of the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 env protein to stimulate an immune response. In this study, recombinant envelope proteins were produced using the baculovirus expression system, and their potential efficacy was evaluated in both in vivo and in vitro models. Our results reveal that the env protein of SARS-CoV-2 stimulates humoral and cellular responses and highlight its potential as a promising vaccine candidate for combating the ongoing pandemic.

Funder

TUBİTAK

Publisher

MDPI AG

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