A Comprehensive Review on Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus with Emphasis on Immunity

Author:

Fiers Jorian12,Cay Ann Brigitte1,Maes Dominiek2ORCID,Tignon Marylène1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Unit Viral Re-Emerging, Enzootic and Bee Diseases, Department Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Groeselenbergstraat 99, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium

2. Unit of Porcine Health Management, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium

Abstract

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogens in pig production worldwide and responsible for enormous production and economic losses. PRRSV infection in gestating gilts and sows induces important reproductive failure. Additionally, respiratory distress is observed in infected piglets and fattening pigs, resulting in growth retardation and increased mortality. Importantly, PRRSV infection interferes with immunity in the respiratory tract, making PRRSV-infected pigs more susceptible to opportunistic secondary pathogens. Despite the availability of commercial PRRSV vaccines for more than three decades, control of the disease remains a frustrating and challenging task. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of PRRSV, covering its history, economic and scientific importance, and description of the viral structure and genetic diversity. It explores the virus’s pathogenesis, including cell tropism, viral entry, replication, stages of infection and epidemiology. It reviews the porcine innate and adaptative immune responses to comprehend the modulation mechanisms employed by PRRS for immune evasion.

Funder

Belgian Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety, and Environment

the unit Viral Re-emerging, Enzootic and Bee Diseases

Publisher

MDPI AG

Reference314 articles.

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3. (1991). The New Pig Disease: Conclusions Reached at the Seminar Held, Commission of the European Communities.

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