Porcine Parvovirus 7: Evolutionary Dynamics and Identification of Epitopes toward Vaccine Design

Abstract

Porcine parvovirus 7 (PPV7) belonging to the genus Chapparvovirus in the family Parvoviridae, has been identified in the USA, Sweden, Poland, China, South Korea and Brazil. Our objective was to determine the phylogeny, estimate the time of origin and evolutionary dynamics of PPV7, and use computer-based immune-informatics to assess potential epitopes of its Cap, the main antigenic viral protein, for vaccines or serology. Regarding evolutionary dynamics, PPV7 had 2 major clades, both of which possibly had a common ancestor in 2004. Furthermore, PPV7 strains from China were the most likely ancestral strains. The nucleotide substitution rates of NS1 and Cap genes were 8.01 × 10−4 and 2.19 × 10−3 per site per year, respectively, which were higher than those reported for PPV1-4. The antigenic profiles of PPV7 Cap were revealed and there were indications that PPV7 used antigenic shift to escape from the host’s immune surveillance. Linear B cell epitopes and CD8 T cell epitopes of Cap with good antigenic potential were identified in silico; these conserved B cell epitopes may be candidates for the PPV7 vaccine or for the development of serological diagnostic methods.