Effectiveness of Booster Dose of Anti SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 in Cirrhosis: Longitudinal Evaluation of Humoral and Cellular Response

Abstract

Background: LC has been associated with hyporesponsiveness to several vaccines. Nonetheless, no data on complete serological and B- and T-cell immune response are currently available. Aims: To assess, in comparison with healthy controls of the same age and gender, both humoral and cellular immunoresponses of patients with LC after two or three doses of the mRNA Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and to investigate clinical features associated with non-response. Material and methods: 179 patients with LC of CTP class A in 93.3% and viral etiology in 70.1% of cases were longitudinally evaluated starting from the day before the first dose to 4 weeks after the booster dose. Their antibody responses were compared to those of healthcare workers without co-morbidities. In a subgroup of 40 patients, B- and T-cell responses were also compared to controls. Results: At d31, d90 and d180 after BNT162b2 vaccine, no detectable SARS-CoV-2 IgG response was observed in 5.9%, 3.9% and 7.2% of LC patients as compared to 0 controls (p < 0.03). A delay in B-cell and lack of prompt T-cell response compared to healthcare workers was also registered. A significant correlation between antibody titers and cellular response was observed. A MELD score > 8 was the only independent predictor of poor d31 response (p = 0.028). Conclusions: Our results suggest that cirrhotic patients have a slower and in <10% suboptimal immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Rates of breakthrough infections were comparable between cirrhotics and controls. The booster dose was critical in inducing both humoral and cellular responses comparable to controls.