Sociodemographic Factors Associated with COVID-19 Vaccination among People in Guatemalan Municipalities

Author:

Choudhary Rewa1ORCID,Carter Emily2,Monzon Jose3ORCID,Stewart Allison3,Slotnick Jennifer4,Samayoa Jerez Leslie L.5,Rodriguez Araujo David S.6,Zielinski-Gutierrez Emily3,Suchdev Parminder S.3ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA

2. Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Central America Regional Office, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala

4. U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Guatemala City 01016, Guatemala

5. Ministerio Salud Publica y Asistencia Social, Guatemala City 01011, Guatemala

6. Council of Ministers of Health of Central America, San Salvador, El Salvador

Abstract

The Republic of Guatemala’s reported COVID-19 vaccination coverage is among the lowest in the Americas and there are limited studies describing the disparities in vaccine uptake within the country. We performed a cross-sectional ecological analysis using multi-level modeling to identify sociodemographic characteristics that were associated with low COVID-19 vaccination coverage among Guatemalan municipalities as of 30 November 2022. Municipalities with a higher proportion of people experiencing poverty (β = −0.25, 95% CI: −0.43–−0.07) had lower vaccination coverage. Municipalities with a higher proportion of people who had received at least a primary education (β = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.38–1.08), children (β = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.36–1.77), people aged 60 years and older (β = 2.94, 95% CI: 1.70–4.12), and testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection (β = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.14–0.36) had higher vaccination coverage. In the simplified multivariable model, these factors explained 59.4% of the variation in COVID-19 vaccination coverage. Poverty remained significantly associated with low COVID-19 vaccination coverage in two subanalyses restricting the data to the time period of the highest national COVID-19-related death rate and to COVID-19 vaccination coverage only among those aged 60 years or older. Poverty is a key factor associated with low COVID-19 vaccination and focusing public health interventions in municipalities most affected by poverty may help address COVID-19 vaccination and health disparities in Guatemala.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Pharmacology (medical),Infectious Diseases,Drug Discovery,Pharmacology,Immunology

Reference42 articles.

1. The World Bank (2023, January 11). The World Bank in Guatemala. Available online: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/guatemala/overview.

2. Pan American Health Organization (2012). Health in the Americas 2012 Edition, Pan American Health Organization.

3. United States Agency for International Development (2023, February 06). Prosperity in Guatemala, Available online: https://www.usaid.gov/guatemala/prosperity.

4. Mathieu, E., Ritchie, H., Rodés-Guirao, L., Appel, C., Giattino, C., Hasell, J., Macdonald, B., Dattani, S., Beltekian, D., and Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2022, December 06). Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). Available online: https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus.

5. Taylor, L. (2022). Guatemala’s COVID vaccine roll-out failed: Here’s what researchers know. Nature.

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