Innovative Therapies Targeting the Virus and the Host for Treating Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: From Bench to Bedside

Abstract

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a highly complicated pathological process in which the disease is initiated by the hepatitis B virus (HBV); however, host immune responses are primarily responsible for variable extents of liver damage. If the patients with CHB remain untreated, many CHB patients will eventually develop complications like cirrhosis of the liver (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In 2019, an estimated 882,000 patients died due to HBV-related complications worldwide. Accordingly, several drugs with antiviral properties have been used to treat CHB patients during the last four decades. However, the treatment outcome is not satisfactory because viral suppression is not usually related to the containment of progressive liver damage. Although proper reconstruction of host immunity is essential in CHB patients, as of today, there is no acceptable immune therapeutic protocol for them. These realities have exposed new, novel, and innovative therapeutic regimens for the management of CHB patients. This review will update the scope and limitation of the different innovative antiviral and immune therapeutic approaches for restoring effective host immunity and containing the virus in CHB patients to block progression to LC and HCC.