Updated Considerations for the Immunopharmacological Aspects of the “Talented mRNA Vaccines”

Author:

Perrotta Cristiana1ORCID,Fenizia Claudio2ORCID,Carnovale Carla1,Pozzi Marco3ORCID,Trabattoni Daria1ORCID,Cervia Davide4ORCID,Clementi Emilio13

Affiliation:

1. Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy

2. Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy

3. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy

4. Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy

Abstract

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines belong to a new class of medications, RNA therapeutics, including both coding and non-coding RNAs. The use of mRNA as a therapy is based on the biological role of mRNA itself, namely its translation into a functional protein. The goal of mRNA vaccines is to produce a specific antigen in cells to elicit an immune response that might be prophylactic or therapeutic. The potential of mRNA as vaccine has been envisaged for years but its efficacy has been clearly demonstrated with the approval of COVID-19 vaccines in 2021. Since then, mRNA vaccines have been in the pipeline for diseases that are still untreatable. There are many advantages of mRNA vaccines over traditional vaccines, including easy and cost-effective production, high safety, and high-level antigen expression. However, the nature of mRNA itself and some technical issues pose challenges associated with the vaccines’ development and use. Here we review the immunological and pharmacological features of mRNA vaccines by discussing their pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, and safety, with a particular attention on the advantages and challenges related to their administration. Furthermore, we present an overview of the areas of application and the clinical trials that utilize a mRNA vaccine as a treatment.

Funder

PNRR CN3-NATIONAL CENTER FOR GENE THERAPY AND DRUGS BASED ON RNA TECHNOLOGY

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Pharmacology (medical),Infectious Diseases,Drug Discovery,Pharmacology,Immunology

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