Insights on Host–Parasite Immunomodulation Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles of Cutaneous Leishmania shawi and Leishmania guyanensis

Author:

Weber Juliana Inês1ORCID,Rodrigues Armanda Viana1ORCID,Valério-Bolas Ana1ORCID,Nunes Telmo2,Carvalheiro Manuela3ORCID,Antunes Wilson4,Alexandre-Pires Graça56ORCID,da Fonseca Isabel Pereira56ORCID,Santos-Gomes Gabriela1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal

2. Microscopy Center, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

3. Research Institute for Medicines, iMed, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal

4. Unidade Militar Laboratorial de Defesa Biológica e Química (UMLDBQ), 1849-012 Lisboa, Portugal

5. CIISA, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal

6. Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 2825-466 Setúbal, Portugal

Abstract

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by different species of Leishmania and transmitted through the bite of sand flies vector. Macrophages (MΦ), the target cells of Leishmania parasites, are phagocytes that play a crucial role in the innate immune microbial defense and are antigen-presenting cells driving the activation of the acquired immune response. Exploring parasite–host communication may be key in restraining parasite dissemination in the host. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) constitute a group of heterogenous cell-derived membranous structures, naturally produced by all cells and with immunomodulatory potential over target cells. This study examined the immunogenic potential of EVs shed by L. shawi and L. guyanensis in MΦ activation by analyzing the dynamics of major histocompatibility complex (MHC), innate immune receptors, and cytokine generation. L. shawi and L. guyanensis EVs were incorporated by MΦ and modulated innate immune receptors, indicating that EVs cargo can be recognized by MΦ sensors. Moreover, EVs induced MΦ to generate a mix of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and favored the expression of MHCI molecules, suggesting that EVs antigens can be present to T cells, activating the acquired immune response of the host. Since nano-sized vesicles can be used as vehicles of immune mediators or immunomodulatory drugs, parasitic EVs can be exploited by bioengineering approaches for the development of efficient prophylactic or therapeutic tools for leishmaniasis.

Funder

FCT-Foundation for Science and Technology

national funds within the scope of Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal

Global Health and Tropical Medicine

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

General Medicine

Reference82 articles.

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2. Akuffo, H., Costa, C., van Griensven, J., Burza, S., Moreno, J., and Herrero, M. (2018). New insights into leishmaniasis in the immunosuppressed. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.

3. Scorza, B.M., Carvalho, E.M., and Wilson, M.E. (2017). Cutaneous manifestations of human and murine leishmaniasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.

4. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: Advances in disease pathogenesis, diagnostics and therapeutics;Ameen;Clin. Exp. Dermatol.,2010

5. Case report: Coinfection of Leishmania guyanensis and human immunodeficiency virus-acquired immune deficiency syndrome: Report of a case of disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ecuador;Calvopina;Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.,2017

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