Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Model for Human Embryogenesis

Author:

Ávila-González Daniela12,Gidi-Grenat Mikel Ángel2,García-López Guadalupe2,Martínez-Juárez Alejandro2,Molina-Hernández Anayansi2,Portillo Wendy3,Díaz-Martínez Néstor Emmanuel1ORCID,Díaz Néstor Fabián2

Affiliation:

1. Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular y Bioingeniería de Tejidos, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara 44270, Mexico

2. Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico

3. Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, Mexico

Abstract

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs; embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells) can recapitulate critical aspects of the early stages of embryonic development; therefore, they became a powerful tool for the in vitro study of molecular mechanisms that underlie blastocyst formation, implantation, the spectrum of pluripotency and the beginning of gastrulation, among other processes. Traditionally, PSCs were studied in 2D cultures or monolayers, without considering the spatial organization of a developing embryo. However, recent research demonstrated that PSCs can form 3D structures that simulate the blastocyst and gastrula stages and other events, such as amniotic cavity formation or somitogenesis. This breakthrough provides an unparalleled opportunity to study human embryogenesis by examining the interactions, cytoarchitecture and spatial organization among multiple cell lineages, which have long remained a mystery due to the limitations of studying in utero human embryos. In this review, we will provide an overview of how experimental embryology currently utilizes models such as blastoids, gastruloids and other 3D aggregates derived from PSCs to advance our understanding of the intricate processes involved in human embryo development.

Funder

CONACYT

Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

General Medicine

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