Two-Scale Computational Analysis of Deformation and Fracture in an Al-Si Composite Material Fabricated by Electron Beam Wire-Feed Additive Manufacturing

Abstract

Numerical simulation of deformation and fracture of an AlSi12% alloy additively fabricated by layer-by-layer electron beam melting of a wire is carried out. The microstructure of the alloy is studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy at different resolutions. The experimental study at a length scale of several dozens of microns reveals a dendritic structure, which can be treated as a composite material consisting of aluminum arms separated by a eutectic network. The volume fraction of dendrites varies with the distance from the base plate in the build direction. The eutectics can also be thought of as a composite with an aluminum matrix reinforced by silicon particles at a scale of a few microns. Particles of different shapes are nearly equally spaced in the matrix. The eutectic and dendritic structures are taken into account explicitly in the calculations. The dynamic boundary-value problems are solved by ABAQUS/Explicit. The isotropic elastic-plastic and elastic models are used to simulate the response of aluminum and silicon. The fracture model includes a maximum distortion energy criterion formulated for the particle and matrix materials in terms of the equivalent stress and plastic strain. A two-scale approach is proposed to investigate deformation and fracture of the AlSi12% alloy. On the eutectic scale, the thermomechanical behavior of the Al matrix-silicon particle two-phase composite is simulated to obtain the homogenized properties of the eutectic composite material, which is then used at a higher scale to investigate the deformation and fracture of a two-phase dendritic structure. Residual stresses formed during cooling of the additively manufactured material were found to decrease the strength of the composite, while the strength increases with the volume fraction of dendrites.