Enhancing the Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Wound Healing Effects of Melaleuca alternifolia Oil by Microencapsulating It in Chitosan-Sodium Alginate Microspheres

Abstract

In this study, antibacterial and antioxidant molecules-rich Melaleuca alternifolia oil (tea tree oil (TTO)) loaded chitosan (CS) based nanoemulsions (NEMs) were prepared and encapsulated by sodium alginate (SA) microsphere for antibacterial wound dressing. CS-TTO NEMs were prepared by oil-in-water emulsion technique, and the nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) confirmed that the CS-TTO NEMs had an average particle size of 89.5 nm. Further, the SA-CS-TTO microsphere was confirmed through SEM analysis with an average particle size of 0.76 ± 0.10 µm. The existence of TTO in CS NEMs and SA encapsulation was evidenced through FTIR analysis. The XRD spectrum proved the load of TTO and SA encapsulation with CS significantly decreased the crystalline properties of the CS-TTO and SA-CS-TTO microsphere. The stability of TTO was increased by the copolymer complex, as confirmed through thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, TTO was released from the CS–SA complex in a sustained manner and significantly inhibited the bacterial pathogens observed under confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). In addition, CS-TTO (100 µg/mL) showed antioxidant potential (>80%), thereby increasing the DPPH and ABTS free radicals scavenging ability of SA-CS-TTO microspheres. Moreover, CS and SA-CS-TTO microsphere exhibited negligible cytotoxicity and augmented the NIH3T3 cell proliferation confirmed in the in vitro scratch assay. This study concluded that the SA-CS-TTO microsphere could be an antibacterial and antioxidant wound dressing.