Food Hardness Modulates Behavior, Cognition, and Brain Activation: A Systematic Review of Animal and Human Studies

Author:

Al-Manei Khaled12ORCID,Jia Leming1,Al-Manei Kholod Khalil2ORCID,Ndanshau Elisande Lindström3,Grigoriadis Anastasios1ORCID,Kumar Abhishek14ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 04 Huddinge, Sweden

2. Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia

3. Private Practice, Folktandvården Björkhagen, 120 08 Stockholm, Sweden

4. Academic Center for Geriatric Dentistry, 112 19 Stockholm, Sweden

Abstract

Food hardness is one of the dietary features that may impact brain functions. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the effect of food hardness (hard food versus soft food diet) on behavior, cognition, and brain activation in animals and humans (PROSPERO ID: CRD42021254204). The search was conducted on 29 June 2022 using Medline (Ovid), Embase, and Web of Science databases. Data were extracted, tabulated by food hardness as an intervention, and summarized by qualitative synthesis. The SYRCLE and JBI tools were used to assess the risk of bias (RoB) of individual studies. Of the 5427 studies identified, 18 animal studies and 6 human studies met the inclusion criteria and were included. The RoB assessment indicated that 61% of animal studies had unclear risks, 11% had moderate risks, and 28% had low risks. All human studies were deemed to have a low risk of bias. The majority (48%) of the animal studies showed that a hard food diet improved behavioral task performance compared to soft food diets (8%). However, 44% of studies also showed no differential effects of food hardness on behavioral tests. It was also evident that certain regions of the brain were activated in response to changes in food hardness in humans, with a positive association between chewing hard food, cognition performance, and brain function. However, variations in the methodologies of the included studies hindered the meta-analysis execution. In conclusion, our findings highlight the beneficial effects of dietary food hardness on behavior, cognition, and brain function in both animals and humans, however, this effect may depend on several factors that require further understanding of the causality.

Funder

Stockholm County Council

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Food Science,Nutrition and Dietetics

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