Design and Evaluation of a Smart Ex Vitro Acclimatization System for Tissue Culture Plantlets

Abstract

One of the technological advancements in agricultural production is the tissue culture propagation technique, commonly used for mass multiplication and disease-free plants. The necessity for date palm tissue culture emerged from the inability of traditional propagation methods’ offshoots to meet the immediate demands for significant amounts of planting material for commercial cultivars. Tissue culture plantlets are produced in a protected aseptic in vitro environment where all growth variables are strictly controlled. The challenges occur when these plantlets are transferred to an ex vitro climate for acclimatization. Traditional glasshouses are frequently used; however, this has substantial mortality consequences. In the present study, a novel IoT-based automated ex vitro acclimatization system (E-VAS) was designed and evaluated for the acclimatization of date palm plantlets (cv. Khalas) to enhance their morpho-physiological attributes and reduce the mortality rate and the contamination risk through minimal human contact. The experimental findings showed that the morpho-physiological parameters of 6- and 12-month-old plants were higher when acclimatized in the prototype E-VAS compared to the traditional glasshouse acclimatization system (TGAS). The maximum plant mortality percentage occurred within the first month of the transfer from the in vitro to ex vitro environment in both systems, which gradually declined up to six months; after that, no significant plant mortality was observed. About 6% mortality was recorded in E-VAS, whereas 18% in TGAS within the first month of acclimatization. After six months of study, an overall 14% mortality was recorded in E-VAS compared to 41% in TGAS. The proposed automated system has a significant potential to address the growing demand for the rapid multiplication of tissue culture-produced planting materials since the plant survival rate and phenotype quality were much higher in E-VAS than in the conventional manual system that the present industry follows for commercial production.