The Stability of Aggregates in Different Amazonian Agroecosystems Is Influenced by the Texture, Acidity, and Availability of Ca and Mg in the Soil
Author:
Lima Alan Ferreira Leite de1ORCID, Campos Milton César Costa2ORCID, Silva Joalison de Brito2, Araújo Witória de Oliveira2, Mantovanelli Bruno Campos3ORCID, Souza Fernando Gomes de4, Beirigo Raphael Moreira2, Silva Douglas Marcelo Pinheiro da3, Macedo Rodrigo Santana5, Oliveira Flávio Pereira de2
Affiliation:
1. Faculty of Agricultural Sciences (FCA), Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69067-005, AM, Brazil 2. Agricultural Sciences Center (CCA), Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia 58397-000, PB, Brazil 3. Institute of Education, Agriculture and Environment (IEAA), Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Humaitá 69800-000, AM, Brazil 4. Department of Rural Engineering, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), Boa Vista 69300-000, RR, Brazil 5. Technology and Science Center (TSC), State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Campina Grande 58429-500, PB, Brazil
Abstract
The processes of occupation and exploitation in the Amazon have been increasing, and as a consequence, forest areas are being replaced by agroecosystems. As a consequence of this change, changes have been occurring in the soil attributes, and consequently, in the stability of aggregates in these environments. Thus, this work had two objectives: the first was to evaluate the impacts generated by the conversion of forests into agroecosystems on the soil attributes that are related to aggregates, in the southwestern region of the Amazon; the second objective was to evaluate the roles of pedophysical and pedochemical parameters on the stability of soil aggregates. The study was carried out on rural properties located in the southern part of Amazonas State, Brazil. Eight areas under different agroecosystems were selected: in the municipality of Canutama: (i) annatto, (ii) guarana, and (iii) cupuassu; in the municipality of Humaitá: (iv) cassava, (v) agroforestry, and (vi) sugarcane; and in the municipality of Manicoré: (vii) pasture and (viii) native forest. Unformed soil samples were collected from the 0.00–0.10 m layer and analyzed for aggregate stability, bulk density, soil organic carbon, and soil organic carbon stock. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed. The largest soil aggregations occurred in the annatto, guarana, sugarcane, and pasture agroecosystems. We associate the greater aggregation capacity of soils with factors that are inherent to the cultivated species and soil properties. The first factor corresponds to the adaptability of the Amazonian and grass species and their ability to produce biomass. The second factor is related to the physical and chemical properties of Amazonian soils, largely influenced by the sand fraction, soil organic carbon, soil acidity, and availability of exchangeable Ca and Mg.
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