How Different Na+ Concentrations Affect Anatomical, Nutritional Physiological, Biochemical, and Morphological Aspects in Soybean Plants: A Multidisciplinary and Comparative Approach

Author:

Silva Breno Ricardo Serrão da,Lobato Elaine Maria Silva Guedes,Santos Leidy Alves dos,Pereira Rodrigo Mendes,Batista Bruno Lemos,Alyemeni Mohammed Nasser,Ahmad ParvaizORCID,Lobato Allan Klynger da SilvaORCID

Abstract

Soybean is a legume widely cultivated globally for its seeds, which are rich in oil and protein suitable for animal and human nutrition, and as a biofuel source. One of the main factors that limits production is soil salinity; currently there are an estimated 800 million hectares of agricultural land affected by salt stress worldwide. The aim of this research was to determine whether anatomical, morphological, nutritional, physiological, and biochemical parameters are negatively affected in soybean plants cultivated under different levels of salt stress. The experiment was randomized into five treatments (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM Na+). Plants subjected to concentrations of 50 to 200 mM Na+ exhibited reductions in K (range 21% to 57%), Ca (range 38% to 63%), and Mg (range 20% to 41%) compared to controls (without Na+). Na+ stress progressively produced negative effects on photosynthetic machinery, gas exchange, and photosynthetic pigments, results clearly related to oxidative stress generated by the saline growth conditions. Interestingly, our study revealed that at concentrations up to 100 mM Na+ deposition of epicuticular wax occurred, the quantity and shape of the stomata changed, and the thickness of the leaf epidermis increased. Our broad-based, multidisciplinary, and comparative study proved that soybean plants suffer significant deleterious effects modulated by Na+ stress, mainly at concentrations above 100 mM Na+.

Funder

Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas (FAPESPA/Brazil), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq/Brazil) and Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Agronomy and Crop Science

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