Spatial Distribution of Cocoa Quality: Relationship between Physicochemical, Functional and Sensory Attributes of Clones from Southern Colombia

Abstract

Cocoa quality is affected by genetic variability and conditions in the region of origin that impact the physicochemical, functional and sensory characteristics of the cocoa bean. For the purpose of this study, the spatial distribution was analyzed using a cocoa quality indicator that related physicochemical, functional variables (phenolic and antioxidant content) and sensory attributes (organoleptic qualities and sensory notes) of cocoa samples from different cocoa clones in the municipalities of Mesetas and Vista Hermosa in the department of Meta, Colombia. In 83 sampling plots distributed in 22 farms with agroforestry cocoa arrangements, 50 pods of the main clone were selected in each plot. Subsequently, the cocoa bean samples were subjected to fermentation and drying processes using a uniform process, then each of the samples was subjected to physicochemical, functional and sensory properties. A medium quality level was found in the cocoa beans that depended on genetic variability, whose properties ranged between protein levels of 10.312%, sugars of 2.7–3.7 °Brix, and fat contents of 51.5–52.2%, with 178.4–235.2 mg GAE g−1 in total phenol content and 1208.1–3464.1 μmol AAE g−1 in antioxidant capacity. Clones TSH-565 and FEAR-5 showed respectively higher and lower grain quality. Within the sensory profile, complementary aromatic notes such as floral, fruity, nutty, malty, with high correlations between acidity and fresh fruit, astringency and cocoa, and astringency and bitterness, were found. At the clone level, ICS-95 and TSH-565 presented the best sensory attributes (floral, sweet, acidity, fresh fruit). According to the physicochemical, functional and sensory variables of the cocoa beans, it was found that only 13% of the samples presented values higher than 0.8 in the cocoa quality index, with notes of banana, melon, peach, plum, and fresh fruit related to clones such as TSH-565 and ICS-95, whose notes are considered high-quality; these cocoa plantations are located in the Palestina village in the municipality of Vistahermosa and in the Las Mercedes village in the municipality of Mesetas.