Iodine Concentration in the Breast Milk and Urine as Biomarkers of Iodine Nutritional Status of Lactating Women and Breastfed Infants in Taiwan

Author:

Huang Chun-Jui12,Li Jia-Zhen3,Hwu Chii-Min12ORCID,Chen Harn-Shen12,Wang Fan-Fen4ORCID,Yeh Chang-Ching567ORCID,Yang Chen-Chang28910

Affiliation:

1. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan

2. School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan

3. Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan

4. Department of Medicine, Yangming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 11146, Taiwan

5. Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan

6. Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan

7. Department of Nurse-Midwifery and Women Health, College of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 11219, Taiwan

8. Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan

9. Institute of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan

10. Department of Occupational Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan

Abstract

Breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) can be different when median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is similar. The BMIC, UIC/creatinine (Cr), estimated 24-h urinary iodine excretion (24-h UIE) of lactating women in Taiwan is unknown. This study enrolled lactating women from Taipei Veterans General Hospital (August 2021–February 2023). Each participant provided a random spot urine sample, two breast milk samples, a blood sample, and completed a food frequency questionnaire on the same day. Iodine measurement was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The median UIC of the enrolled 71 women was 91.1 μg/L, indicating insufficient iodine status; however, the median BMIC was 166.6 μg/L and this suggested that the amount of iodine delivered through breast milk was adequate for the breastfed infants. BMIC was correlated with UIC/Cr and 24-h UIE (both rs = 0.49) but not with UIC (rs = 0.18) or thyroid stimulating hormone (rs = 0.07). Women who did not consume dairy products (adjusted odds ratio: 24.41, 95% confidence interval: 1.26–471.2) and multivitamins (adjusted odds ratio: 8.26, 95% confidence interval: 1.76–38.79) were at increased odds for having lower BMIC. The results suggest that measuring maternal UIC alone may not be sufficient, as BMIC, UIC/Cr, and 24-h UIE are all important biomarkers. Ingestion of dairy products and multivitamins were independently associated with BMIC.

Funder

National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan

Taipei Veterans General Hospital

Taipei Veterans General Hospital-National Taiwan University Hospital Joint Research Program

Szu-Yuan Research Foundation of Internal Medicine

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Food Science,Nutrition and Dietetics

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