Whether Increasing Maize Planting Density Increases the Total Water Use Depends on Soil Water in the 0–60 cm Soil Layer in the North China Plain

Abstract

Increasing planting density generally increases total water use by maize (Zea mays L.), but there are contrasting conclusions as well. To determine whether increasing planting density would increase total water use by maize, a 3-year field experiment was conducted in the North China Plain. In 2018, maize was planted at the four densities of 57,100, 66,700, 80,000, and 100,000 plants ha−1. In 2019 and 2020, another four planting densities of 27,800, 41,700, 66,700, and 111,100 plants ha−1 were selected. The results showed that increasing planting density increased leaf area index but decreased leaf stomatal conductance; maize grain yield reached the maximum at about 80,000 plants ha−1. At the VE-V6 and R3-R6 stage, soil water use occurred mainly in the 0–60 cm soil layer, and planting density showed no effect on total soil water use by maize. At the V6-R3 stage, when soil water in the 0–60 cm soil layer was sufficient to meet the evapotranspiration demand, soil water use occurred mainly in the 0–60 cm soil layer; increasing planting density did not increase total soil water use. When soil water in the 0–60 cm soil layer was insufficient and could not meet the demand of evapotranspiration, soil water use in the 60–100 cm soil layer increased greatly and kept rising with increased planting density, resulting in elevated total soil water use. Therefore, we conclude that the effect of planting density on water use by maize varies with soil water content in the 0–60 cm soil layer in the North China Plain.