Assay of Secondary Anisotropy in Additively Manufactured Alloys for Dental Applications

Abstract

Even though additive manufacturing (AM) techniques have been available since the late 1980s, their application in medicine is still striving to gain full acceptance. For the production of dental implants, the use of AM allows to save time and costs, but also to ensure closer dimensional tolerances and higher repeatability, as compared to traditional manual processes. Among the several AM solutions, Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) is the most appropriate for the production of metal prostheses. The target of this paper was to investigate the mechanical and microstructural characteristics of Co–Cr–Mo and Ti–6Al–4V alloys processed by L-PBF, with a specific focus on secondary anisotropy that is usually disregarded in the literature. Tensile specimens were built in the EOSINT-M270 machine, along different orientations perpendicular to the growth direction. Density, hardness, and tensile properties were measured and the results combined with microstructural and fractographic examination. For both alloys, the results provided evidence of high strength and hardness, combined with outstanding elongation and full densification. Extremely fine microstructures were observed, sufficient to account for the good mechanical response. Statistical analysis of the mechanical properties allowed to attest the substantial absence of secondary anisotropy. The result was corroborated by the observations of the microstructures and of the failure modes. Overall, the two alloys proved to be high-performing, in very close agreement with the values reported in the datasheets, independently of the build orientation.