The Effects of Crown Scorch on Post-fire Delayed Mortality Are Modified by Drought Exposure in California (USA)

Abstract

Accurately predicting the mortality of trees that initially survive a fire event is important for management, such as planning post-fire salvage, planting, and prescribed fires. Although crown scorch has been successfully used to predict post-fire mortality (greater than one-year post-fire), it remains unclear whether other first-order fire effect metrics (e.g., stem char) and information on growing conditions can improve such predictions. Droughts can also elevate mortality and may interact, synergistically, with fire effects to influence post-fire tree survival. We used logistic regression to test whether drought exposure, as indicated by summarized monthly Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) over ten-years could improve predictions of delayed mortality (4–9 years post-fire) at the individual tree level in fire-affected forest inventory and analysis (FIA) plots in California (USA). We included crown scorch, bark thickness, stem char, soil char, slope, and aspect in the model as predictors. We selected the six most prevalent species to include in the model: canyon live oak, Douglas-fir, Jeffrey pine, incense-cedar, ponderosa pine, and white fir. Mean delayed mortality, based on tree count, across all FIA plots across all tree species and plots was 17%, and overall accuracy was good (AUC = 79%). Our model performed well, correctly predicting survivor trees (sensitivity of 0.98) but had difficulty correctly predicting the smaller number of mortality trees (specificity of 0.27) at the standard probability=0.5 mortality threshold. Crown scorch was the most influential predictor of tree mortality. Increasing crown scorch was associated with greater risk of delayed mortality for all six species, with trees exhibiting over 75% crown scorch having a probability of dying that exceeded 0.5. Increasing levels of stem char and soil char (first order indicators) were associated with increasing mortality risk but to less effect than crown scorch. We expected that greater drought exposure would increase delayed post-fire mortality, but we found that increasing drought exposure (median and minimum PDSI) was associated with a modest decrease in post-fire mortality. However, we did find that trees with high levels of crown scorch were less likely to survive with increasing drought exposure (median PDSI). Delayed mortality risk decreased as terrain slope increased. Taken together, our results suggest that trees with substantial crown damage may be more vulnerable to delayed mortality if exposed to drought and that crown scorch is an effective post-fire mortality predictor up to 10 years post-fire.