In Situ Gelling Ophthalmic Drug Delivery System for the Optimization of Diagnostic and Preoperative Mydriasis: In Vitro Drug Release, Cytotoxicity and Mydriasis Pharmacodynamics

Abstract

Mydriasis is required prior to many eye examinations and ophthalmic surgeries. Nowadays, phenylephrine hydrochloride (PHE) and tropicamide (TPC) are extensively used to induce mydriasis. Several pharmaceutic dosage forms of these two active ingredients have been described. However, no optimal therapeutic strategy has reached the market. The present work focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a mucoadhesive ion-activated in situ gelling delivery system based on gellan gum and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) for the delivery of phenylephrine and tropicamide. First, in vitro drug release was studied to assess appropriate sustained drug delivery on the ocular surface region. Drug release mechanisms were explored and explained using mathematical modeling. Then, in situ gelling delivery systems were visualized using scanning electron microscopy illustrating the drug release phenomena involved. Afterward, cytotoxicity of the developed formulations was studied and compared with those of commercially available eye drops. Human epithelial corneal cells were used. Finally, mydriasis intensity and kinetic was investigated in vivo. Mydriasis pharmacodynamics was studied by non-invasive optical imaging on vigilant rabbits, allowing eye blinking and nasolacrimal drainage to occur physiologically. In situ gelling delivery systems mydriasis profiles exhibited a significant increase of intensity and duration compared with those of conventional eye drops. Efficient mydriasis was achieved following the administration of a single drop of in situ gel reducing the required amount of administered active ingredients by four- to eight-fold compared with classic eye drop regimen.