Additives Improving the Efficiency of Biogas Production as an Alternative Energy Source—A Review
Author:
Pilarska Agnieszka A.1ORCID, Pilarski Krzysztof2, Kulupa Tomasz1, Kubiak Adrianna3ORCID, Wolna-Maruwka Agnieszka3ORCID, Niewiadomska Alicja3ORCID, Dach Jacek2
Affiliation:
1. Department of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Piątkowska 94A, 60-649 Poznań, Poland 2. Department of Biosystems Engineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 50, 60-627 Poznań, Poland 3. Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Szydłowska 50, 60-656 Poznań, Poland
Abstract
Additives for anaerobic digestion (AD) can play a significant role in optimizing the process by increasing biogas production, stabilizing the system, and improving digestate quality. The role of additives largely boils down to, among others, enhancing direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) between microbial communities, resulting in improved syntrophic interactions, adsorption of toxic substances that may inhibit microbial activity, improving microbial activity, and increasing process stability and accelerating the decomposition of complex organic materials, thereby increasing the rate of hydrolysis. Through the aforementioned action, additives can significantly affect AD performance. The function of these materials varies, from enhancing microbial activity to maintaining optimal conditions and protecting the system from inhibitors. The choice of additives should be carefully tailored to the specific needs and conditions of the digester to maximize benefits and ensure sustainability. In light of these considerations, this paper characterizes the most commonly used additives and their combinations based on a comprehensive review of recent scientific publications, including a report on the results of conducted studies. The publication features chapters that describe carbon-based conductive materials, metal oxide nanomaterials, trace metal, and biological additives, including enzymes and microorganisms. It concludes with the chapters summarising reports on various additives and discussing their functional properties, as well as advantages and disadvantages. The presented review is a substantive and concise analysis of the latest knowledge on additives for the AD process. The application of additives in AD is characterized by great potential; hence, the subject matter is very current and future-oriented.
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