Bacillus altitudinis AD13−4 Enhances Saline–Alkali Stress Tolerance of Alfalfa and Affects Composition of Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Community

Author:

Khoso Muneer Ahmed1,Wang Mingyu1ORCID,Zhou Zhenzhen1,Huang Yongxue1,Li Shenglin12,Zhang Yiming1,Qian Guangtao1,Ko Song Nam1,Pang Qiuying1,Liu Changli1,Li Lixin1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China

2. College of Life Sciences and Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China

Abstract

Saline and alkaline stresses limit plant growth and reduce crop yield. Soil salinization and alkalization seriously threaten the sustainable development of agriculture and the virtuous cycle of ecology. Biofertilizers made from plant growth−promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) not only enhance plant growth and stress tolerance, but also are environmentally friendly and cost-effective. There have been many studies on the mechanisms underlying PGPRs enhancing plant salt resistance. However, there is limited knowledge about the interaction between PGPR and plants under alkaline–sodic stress. To clarify the mechanisms underlying PGPR’s improvement of plants’ tolerance to alkaline–sodic stress, we screened PGPR from the rhizosphere microorganisms of local plants growing in alkaline–sodic land and selected an efficient strain, Bacillus altitudinis AD13−4, as the research object. Our results indicate that the strain AD13−4 can produce various growth-promoting substances to regulate plant endogenous hormone levels, cell division and differentiation, photosynthesis, antioxidant capacity, etc. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the strain AD13−4 significantly affected metabolism and secondary metabolism, signal transduction, photosynthesis, redox processes, and plant–pathogen interactions. Under alkaline–sodic conditions, inoculation of the strain AD13−4 significantly improved plant biomass and the contents of metabolites (e.g., soluble proteins and sugars) as well as secondary metabolites (e.g., phenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids). The 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that the strain AD13−4 significantly affected the abundance and composition of the rhizospheric microbiota and improved soil activities and physiochemical properties. Our study provides theoretical support for the optimization of saline–alkali-tolerant PGPR and valuable information for elucidating the mechanism of plant alkaline–sodic tolerance.

Funder

National Natural Science Foundation of China

Basic Research Fund for Higher Education Institutions in Heilongjiang Province

Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities

Publisher

MDPI AG

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